I just started reading, and mention two things: Lotteryland sounds nicely Rawlsian (the lottery of talents he discusses) -- plus of course PKD's Solar Lottery (and the woman reading Lotteryland is thinking of her neighbor as coming out of Bladerunner, based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep); and it's Vienna Circle, not Viennese Circle, on p. 22 (because really if Helen DeWitt won't take kindly to pedantry, who will?)
Hi! I also do not know who Rawls is. I tried to look her/him up, but there were many people with that last name. Whenever Lotteryland was first mentioned, I thought of the short story "The Lottery" by Shirley Jackson. The society in that story was fun to keep and mind and compare to the one in Lotteryland.
Hello Ryan and Mary -- the Rawls I meant is the philosopher John Rawls. In his great book A Theory of Justice he talks about a natural lottery of talents, here, for example.